Jean Dieudonne

Pierre Cartier has written a short biographical article about the remarkable French mathematician Jean Dieudonné. Cartier estimates that Dieudonné wrote about 80,000 pages of mathematics over the course of his career. He was a driving force behind Bourbaki, often taking on the bulk of the writing tasks. With Alexandre Grothendieck he co-wrote EGA, the huge foundational text on algebraic geometry (some people note that, considering the French meaning of his name, this text could be described as “God-given”).

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Geometric Langlands on the Beach

I’ve written a bit about the Geometric Langlands Program and its relation to physics here late last year, confessing to being confused about what it was supposed to have to do with N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills. Yesterday Witten gave a talk on the beach at the Simons workshop going on at Stony Brook. I’ve just finished listening to it, and it clarified things quite a bit for me.

Only having audio and no video is a bit frustrating, since not all the details of the equations get spoken, so sometimes you have to guess what the equation really is. In this case it’s a bit charming since you get to listen to the seagulls, waves and kids playing on the beach in the background. Maybe at some point lecture notes will be posted, and presumably Witten is writing up a paper on this material that will appear sooner or later, at which point I’ll try to get a better understanding of the details of this.

The idea seems to be to use a TQFT given by a twisted version of N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills, a slightly different one than the one studied by Vafa and Witten back in 1994. Then one does dimensional reduction using as 4-manifold a Riemann surface times the upper-half-plane, and ends up with a sigma model of maps from the upper-half-plane to the Hitchin moduli space of flat connections on the Riemann surface. The boundary degrees of freedom are branes, and the S-duality of the 4-d theory is supposed to give a duality at the level of the sigma model that corresponds to the fundamental duality one is trying to understand in the geometric Langlands program. The Hecke eigensheaves studied by mathematicians in this language are related to “magnetic eigenbranes”. Witten makes use of Wilson and ‘t Hooft operators studied in this context by Kapustin, and also mentions some related purely mathematical results of my colleague Michael Thaddeus and his collaborator Tamas Hausel.

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Panel Discussion Video

Video of the panel discussion at Toronto is now available, so one can hear some of the context of the comments that were reported in the recent New York Times article. As reported, the audience voted 4 or 5 to 1 against the anthropic principle. Unfortunately the camera was not on the panel during the vote, so one can’t tell from this video how the panelists voted.

Some other things that weren’t reported: while Andy Strominger commented that he saw no reason for pessimism, he also said he thought the odds were against any data relevant to quantum gravity or string theory coming out of the LHC. Steve Shenker said that he was very much bothered by the fact that it was starting to look as if one could associate some sort of “quantum gravity” dual to any quantum mechanical system whatsoever, so any notion of uniqueness was completely gone.

There were several skeptical questions from the audience. Someone with a Russian accent pointed out that it was becoming increasingly difficult to argue the case for string theory in the physics community, and asked what argument he should use in its favor. The panel didn’t seem to want to address this, but Shenker finally said “Only consistent theory of quantum gravity”. The next question wasn’t really audible, but had something to do with “it’s been 20 years”. Shenker’s response was something like “most of us don’t want to think about this, we haven’t done as well as in other 20 year periods”. Later on someone asked “Can you imagine any experiment in the next 20 years that will falsify string theory”, getting no real response except “You’re not supposed to be asking that” from Shenker. Another question from the floor was about why none of the panelists had mentioned M-theory, which didn’t get much of an answer except from Nathan Berkovits who commented that in particle theory problems not solved in five years stop being discussed.

In their speculation about the future, many of the panelists invoked the possibility of having to change quantum mechanics. From the floor Witten speculated that quantum mechanics was only valid in asymptotic regions of space time, with something different needed to understand the interior. Also from the floor Susskind speculated that the splittings into different universes of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics were the same as the cosmological bubbling off of different baby universes. Several panelists responded that they had no idea what he was talking about.

The emphasis on vague ideas about the foundations and interpretation of quantum mechanics led Martin Rocek to point out that there was one field of study in physics that had gone nowhere in the last eighty years: the study of the interpretational issues in quantum mechanics. Lee Smolin rose to the defense of this field, claiming that it had led to recent ideas about quantum computers.

Also now available online are videos of the public talks by Dijkgraaf and Susskind. Susskind tells the audience that there is a “War” or “battle of intellects” going on between two groups of physicists, which he describes as being “like a high-school cafeteria food fight”. The two groups are the “As” (A for anthropic), and the “Es” (E for elegant). He describes the belief by the Es in mathematical elegance as “faith-based science”, and says that they are in “psychological denial” about the existence of the landscape, then goes on to give the standard arguments for the landscape and the anthropic use of it to “explain” the value of the cosmological constant. He refers to belief in the existence of a vacuum selection principle as analogous to belief in the Loch Ness monster. He ended his talk by claiming that the As were winning the war, with the Es in retreat.

Dijkgraaf’s talk was completely standard string evangelism, and except for a couple slides mentioning D-branes and black holes, could easily have been given, completely unchanged, twenty years ago.

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New Theoretical Physics Institute in Florence

A new institute devoted to theoretical particle physics has been organized, the Galileo Galilei Institute for Theoretical Physics, which will be located in Florence. The purpose of the institute is to organize advanced workshops, the first of which will take place next spring. There will also be an inaugural conference next month. The institute is clearly modeled after the KITP in Santa Barbara, and its web-site design looks very familiar…

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Mathematics and Narrative

A group called Thales and Friends, based in Greece and sponsored by MSRI, has organized a recent conference about Mathematics and Narrative that took place last month on Mykonos. Their web-site has abstracts of the talks and some other interesting material.

Update: There’s an article about this in the Independent.

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Strings on the Beach

The KITP in Santa Barbara, a few steps from the beach, is running a semester long program on Mathematical Structures in String Theory that started this past week. Some of the talks are already on-line.

On the other coast, as part of the Simons Workshop at Stony Brook, Witten will be giving a talk at Smith Point beach on “Gauge theory and the Geometric Langlands Program”. This sounds like it might be very interesting and mercifully off the main topic of the workshop, which seems to be swamps not beaches.

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Bogdanovs on Wikipedia

I’ve never really understood how Wikipedia works, especially how it protects itself from getting filled with nonsense. The entry about the Bogdanovs has evidently recently been the subject of repeated attempts by the Bogdanovs to modify it, one can follow the history here. This sort of thing seems to be enough of a problem that steps are being taken to prevent this kind of abuse.

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Strings for Dummies

Joe Lykken just finished giving a series of talks at the SLAC summer school, now entitled “String Theory for Physicists”. This was changed from the original title, “String Theory for Dummies” (still on the poster). Presumably somebody realized that the title could be taken the wrong way, giving the impression that string theorists think non-string theorists are stupid.

Lykken’s talks are actually unusual for this kind of exercise in expounding string theory to non-string theorists. They begin with a long list of the pros and cons of string theory. I’d disagree with him about some of the “pros” he lists, but it is remarkable that he gives a detailed discussion of the problems with string theory. I’ve never seen a string theorist do that before. During the last few months I’ve been sensing a definite change in the atmosphere surrounding string theory. String theorists are on the defensive, and many science journalists and members of the general public are starting to get the idea that there might be something funny going on. For the first time there was open pessimism and defensiveness expressed at the panel discussion at Strings 2005 and the recent New York Times article about it had a somewhat mocking tone.

There’s a posting at cosmicvariance.com by JoAnne Hewett about the panel discussion and Times article, and many comments, including some from yours truly. Jacques Distler proves that he thinks anyone who doesn’t agree with him about string theory is just ignorant (OK, maybe he just thinks that I’m the only one who is ignorant) with his trademark tactic when he’s on the losing side of an argument: take something perfectly accurate that your opponent writes, change the wording to something else that can be interpreted as inaccurate, then use this as evidence to back up a sneering put-down of your opponent. Jacques seemingly can’t help himself from doing this. For an all-time classic, check out his contribution to one of the first postings here, where he attacks me for saying that the standard model is a chiral gauge theory.

Unfortunately, Jacques isn’t the only string theorist who thinks that this is an intelligent way to behave. Besides another well-known string theory blogger I could mention, at one point I had a remarkable experience with an unknown “prominent string theorist” (I’m pretty sure it wasn’t Jacques) who was asked to referee something I’d written about string theory. This referee wrote a report saying that I was just so wrong it wasn’t worth explaining why, but that they would give one example. Their example was constructed by taking a sentence out of context, then changing a singular to a plural to allow the sentence to be construed as saying something inaccurate. Some string theorists seem to be willing to go to any lengths to preserve their belief that any criticism of the theory is based on ignorance. My impression is that a lot more criticism is coming their way, and it will be interesting to see how long they try and keep claiming that their critics are just dummies.

Update: Lubos Motl is back from vacation, with a posting about the Toronto panel discussion.

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New York Times on Toronto Panel Discussion

I didn’t have much luck when I tried here to find out exactly what had happened at the panel discussion in Toronto at Strings 2005 last month. One graduate student (Florian Greimer) commented on Jacques Distler’s weblog that he felt quite depressed after listening to it, earning a slap-down from Jacques, who evidently found it so upsetting that he got up and left halfway through it, and later wrote about why such discussions were a waste of time.

Today’s New York Times has a report on the panel discussion by Dennis Overbye entitled “Lacking Hard Data, Theorists Try Democracy”, which makes it clear why many of the people in attendance were depressed and/or upset. The title of the piece refers to the previously reported fact that the audience voted overwhelmingly against the idea that the anthropic principle was what explains the value of the cosmological constant. What I hadn’t heard before is that the panel itself, representing the leadership of the field, voted rather differently, splitting evenly (4 to 4, with abstentions) over the issue. It looks like Susskind’s point of view has gone from being a minority one among leading string theorists to one that half of them are willing to publicly sign on to. I can see why the audience was depressed. Overbye reports the reaction to the audience vote as “‘Wow’, exhaled one of the panel members, amid other exclamations too colorful to print here.”

The article also includes some truly bizarre and delusional quotes, which it is hard to believe were not taken out of context. Michael Douglas is reported as saying that “We’ve done very well for the last 20 years without any experimental input”, which is just so weird I don’t know what to say about it. Andy Strominger deplored the increasing pessimism about string theory, trying to rally the faithful with the promise of glory in the after-life: “Sooner or later we will get there, and when we do we’ll all be heroes.”

Susskind gave his vision of the immediate future of the field: “there’s nothing to do but just hope the Bush administration will keep paying us”, and Amanda Peet has stolen one of my favorite lines, saying that string theory should be trying to get government funding as a “faith-based initiative”.

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Change in Software

Since I accidentally deleted a post, so had to spend some time fixing things, I decided to go ahead with a long-planned project to try and change around the software here. The old Movable Type software is gone, replaced by Word Press. It seems to be working, but I still need to add in the old links, and fiddle with the configuration a bit. Let me know if anything seems to be broken.

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