{"id":5010,"date":"2026-01-25T15:00:48","date_gmt":"2026-01-25T15:00:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.math.columbia.edu\/~dejong\/wordpress\/?p=5010"},"modified":"2026-01-25T15:00:48","modified_gmt":"2026-01-25T15:00:48","slug":"nonflat-deformation-theory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.math.columbia.edu\/~dejong\/wordpress\/?p=5010","title":{"rendered":"Nonflat deformation theory"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>This is just a quick note so if people google this issue they see that one needs to be careful (I think there are some positive things in the literature in special situations).<\/p>\n<p>Let k be a field. Let R be an algebra over k. Let M be an R-module.<\/p>\n<p>For an Artinian local k-algebra (A, m) with residue field k denote F(A) the set of isomorphism classes of pairs (M_A, phi) where M_A is an R \\otimes_k A module and phi is an isomorphism of M_A\/m M_A with M.<\/p>\n<p>The functor F satisfies condition H1 of Schlessinger&#8217;s paper as one can see by using <a href=\"https:\/\/stacks.math.columbia.edu\/tag\/07RU\">07RU<\/a>. Details omitted.<\/p>\n<p>However, the functor F doesn&#8217;t satisfy condition H2 in general. As an example, with notation as in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ams.org\/journals\/tran\/1968-130-02\/S0002-9947-1968-0217093-3\/S0002-9947-1968-0217093-3.pdf\">Schlessinger<\/a>&#8216;s Theorem 2.11, take R = k, M = k, A = k, A&#8217; = k[epsilon_1], and A&#8221; = k[epsilon_2] where the epsilon have square zero. Then A&#8217; &times;<sub>A<\/sub> A&#8221; = k[epsilon_1, epsilon_2]\/(epsilon_i epsilon_j) and we see that the modules M(c) = A&#8217; &times;<sub>A<\/sub> A&#8217;\/(epsilon_1 &#8211; c epsilon_2] for any nonzero c in k map to the same elements of F(A&#8217;) and F(A&#8221;) for all c. But these modules are all pairwise nonisomorphic.<\/p>\n<p>So of course(!) the functor F in the special case doesn&#8217;t have a hull.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This is just a quick note so if people google this issue they see that one needs to be careful (I think there are some positive things in the literature in special situations). Let k be a field. Let R &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.math.columbia.edu\/~dejong\/wordpress\/?p=5010\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5010","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.math.columbia.edu\/~dejong\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5010","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.math.columbia.edu\/~dejong\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.math.columbia.edu\/~dejong\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.math.columbia.edu\/~dejong\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.math.columbia.edu\/~dejong\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5010"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.math.columbia.edu\/~dejong\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5010\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5017,"href":"https:\/\/www.math.columbia.edu\/~dejong\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5010\/revisions\/5017"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.math.columbia.edu\/~dejong\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5010"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.math.columbia.edu\/~dejong\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5010"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.math.columbia.edu\/~dejong\/wordpress\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5010"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}