These are expanded notes prepared for a talk in a learning seminar on Caraiani-Scholze's paper On the generic part of the cohomology of compact unitary Shimura varieties, Spring 2016 at Columbia. We summarize the major ingredients of the proof, explain the preservation of perversity under the Hodge-Tate period map and deduce the main theorems: 1) the existence of Galois representations associated to the torsion classes in betti cohomology of certain compact unitary Shimura varieties; 2) after localized at a maximal ideal of the Hecke algebra satisfying a genericity assumption, the -cohomology is concentrated in the middle degree and torsion-free.

## Torsion Galois representations

Recall our set-up. Let be a PEL datum of type A:

• is a finite dimensional simple -algebra with center a CM field .
• is positive involution of second kind on (so is totally real).
• is a -module.
• is an alternating form that is -Hermitian, i.e., .

The PEL datum models the first cohomology of a polarized abelian variety of dimension with endomorphism by . Let be the group of the automorphisms of (as a -module) that preserves up to a similitude factor. Let be the associated unitary Shimura variety, which is a moduli space of such abelian varieties with -level structure.

Assume we are in one of the following two extremal cases:

• is a division algebra and as a -module. In this case is an anisotropic unitary group (in variables) and has no endoscopy. is an example of Kottwitz's simple Shimura varieties (including those considered by Harris-Taylor).
• , (equivalently , ). Assume to ensure is compact. Assume that is quasi-split at all finite places. In this case has most endoscopy and causes most difficulty in the stable trace formula. Wei may like this case more ( appears in his arithmetic fundamental lemma).

Assume , , are unramified outside a finite set of primes (and in the second case). Let be the unramified Hecke algebra. Let be a maximal ideal. The first main result constructs an associated torsion Galois representation.

Theorem 1 Assume for some . Thee there is a semisimple Galois representation unramified outside associated to .

The proof requires three major ingredients:

(1) Sug Woo Shin has constructed Galois representations attached to the system of (characteristic 0) Hecke eigenvalues appearing in the cohomology of the Shimura varieties and Igusa varieties (in the above two extremal cases), by stable trace formula. In particular, there exists a Galois representation associated to system of Hecke eigenvalues in .

(2) The construction of the (Hecke equivalent) Hodge-Tate period map from the infinite level Shimura variety to the flag variety (for any Shimura varieties of Hodge type), whose fibers are related to the Igusa varieties (for any Shimura varieties of PEL type). In particular,the main result of Chap. 4 shows that for any geometric point , the fiber above ,

Remark 1 Recall that the locally closed subspaces of the adic space form a stratification and becomes the Newton stratification on the Shimura variety via pullback along . To define , one identifies with the -affine Grassmannian (using is minuscule) and notices that a -point of gives a -bundle on the Fargues-Fontaine curve by modifying the trivial bundle along , hence corresponds to an element by classification of -bundles on the Fargues-Fontaine curve. Since a Newton stratum of the Shimura variety is a product of the corresponding Igusa variety and the Rapoport-Zink space, passing to the infinite level then can be realized as its local analogue for the infinite level Rapoport-Zink space (after Scholze-Weinstein), hence the fiber becomes the Igusa variety.

(3) The perversity of (for any compact Shimura variety of PEL type), which has the following consequence:

Theorem 2 (Perversity) Suppose is minimal (i.e., d= is minimal, i.e., is maximal) such that for some . Then is concentrated in degree .

Using these 3 ingredients, now we can finish the proof of Theorem 1.

Proof Let be any prime. We have a Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence which computes the cohomology of the classical Shimura variety using the cohomology of the perfectoid Shimura variety . It follows that for some . On the other hand, the Leray spectral sequence for the Hodge-Tate period map gives Therefore Since everything is compatible with the Hecke action away from , using the Ingredient (2) we know that there exists some , such that for some . Pick minimal such , by the perversity (Ingredient (3)), we know that is concentrated in one degree. Therefore -coefficient cohomology is also concentrated in one degree and torsion-free. By Poincare duality (applied to the dual system of Hecke eigenvalues), this is also true for . Hence shows up in , where the Galois representation lifting exists by Ingredient (1). ¡õ
Remark 2 As one can see from the proof, (as expected) the Galois representation is not found in , but rather goes through the cohomology of the perfectoid Shimura variety and Igusa tower, which secretly constructs congruences between automorphic forms of different weights and levels at .

## Vanishing of torsion

Now let us come to the second main result, which asserts the "generic part" of the cohomology of our compact unitary Shimura varieties vanishes outside the middle degree.

Theorem 3 Assume for some . Assume there is a prime which splits completely in and is unramified and decomposed generic at all places of above . Then is concentrated in the middle degree . In particular, is concentrated in the middle degree and torsion-free.
Remark 3 The existence of torsion Galois representations and vanishing results of similar sort (for locally symmetric spaces of ) are useful for proving modularity lifting results for over general number fields (after Calegari-Geraghty), where numerical coincidence in the usual Taylor-Wiles method fails.
Remark 4 Recall that a local Galois representation is decomposed generic means that its Frobenius eigenvalues are distinct and for any . Any characteristic 0 lift is then a direct sum of characters such is not a cyclotomic character (since there is no nontrivial extension between 's by the Euler characteristic formula). Such a local Galois representation corresponds to a generic principal series representation of under local Langlands (hence its name).

Generic principal series are mapped to zero under the Jacquet-Langlands correspondence to any group that is not quasi-split. As we saw last time, using this one deduces that only contributes to the "most ordinary part" of the Igusa variety:

Theorem 4 (Genericity) If is not -ordinary, then .
Remark 5 Since the shape of depends on the signature of , the assumption in Theorem 3 can be relaxed according the the signature of in order to ensure that is not quasi-split unless is -ordinary. For example, when the signature is for all but one infinite place, one needs to require that is unramified and decomposed generic at only one place of . In any case, when has sufficiently large image, the assumption is always satisfied by Chebotarev's density.

Theorem 3 now follows easily from the genericity and the three main ingredients.

Proof Since is compact, by Poincare duality, it suffices to show that By the same argument as in proof of Theorem 1, it suffices to show that for any , Again take any minimal as in the proof of Theorem 1. By genericity, we know must be -ordinary, hence is -dimensional (notice the order-reversing!) and . By perversity, vanishes for . ¡õ

## The Hodge-Tate period map preserves perversity

Finally, let us explain the proof of the perversity result. Let be any compact Shimura variety of PEL type with hyperspecial level at .

To motivate, recall two useful results for perverse sheaves in algebraic geometry:

• Any simple perverse sheaf on a scheme of finite type is of the form for some locally closed subscheme and a local system on . In particular, is concentrated in one degree.
• Any finite (more generally, any small) map preserves perversity: if is a perverse sheaf on , then is a perverse sheaf on .

By the minimality, we know that has support on the union So it has support in a closed subset of dimension equal to . The result then would follow if is "perverse". Why should it be? The intuition is that is an affine and partially proper (i.e., satisfies valuative criterion in the category of adic spaces). If we were working with schemes, this would mean is affine and proper, hence finite, and finite morphisms preserve perversity. Of course all the beauty of lies in its very non finite-type behavior, so we cannot literally say this. On the other hand, because of Ingredient (2), we only need to show the sheaf is perverse when restricted on an affinoid etale neighborhood of . Then we can pass to the special fiber (by the perfectoidness), where indeed becomes a finite map between affine schemes of finite type over the residual field.

The other issue is that admits the action of and is infinite dimensional. So it can only be perverse (or just constructible) after taking -invariants for open compact. So the idea for proving the perversity Theorem 2 is then to pass to finite levels and special fibers. Let us be more precise.

Proof Scholze showed that there exists a basis of affinoid etale neighborhoods of such that its pullback under (denoted by ) is affinoid perfectoid. For each such , we have a formal model and correspondingly a formal model for . For any such , for a sufficiently small pro- open compact subgroup of , we have a continuous action of on , which induces the trivial on the special fiber .

We choose such sufficiently small for each so that 's shrink to 1. Then we know that the fiber at can be computed using the cohomology of the special fiber using the right upper corner of the following diagram, When shrinking , we obtain Here is the specialization of . Now we can compute using the left lower corner as well, namely, first specialize, then apply (which now becomes a finite map between schemes of finite type). Because the general fact that specialization (aka, nearby cycle) preserves perversity, we know that each individual term in the direct limit is concentrated in degree . Hence the direct limit itself is also concentrated in degree . ¡õ